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NEW QUESTION # 23
Which of the following statements BEST describes how tools support model-based testing?
- A. Finite state machines are used to describe the intended execution-time behavior of a software-controlled system.
- B. Large sets of test cases are generated to provide full code coverage.
- C. Random sets of threads of execution are generated as test cases.
- D. An engine is provided that allows the user to execute the model.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Model-based testing tools support the creation and execution of tests based on models of the system under test. Finite state machines (FSMs) are often used in model-based testing to describe the expected behavior of a system during execution. FSMs help in defining the states of the system and the transitions between these states based on events, which can then be used to generate test cases that validate the system's behavior against the model.
NEW QUESTION # 24
Consider the pseudo code provided below:
Given the following tests, what additional test(s) (if any) would be needed in order to achieve 100% statement coverage, with the minimum number of tests?
Test 1: A = 7, B = 7, Expected output: 7
Test 2: A = 7, B = 5, Expected output: 5
- A. A=7, B=9, Expected output: 7
- B. No additional test cases are needed to achieve 100% statement coverage.
- C. A=6, B=12, Expected output: Bingo!
- D. A=6, B=12, Expected output: Bingo! and A=7, B=9, Expected output: 7
Answer: B
Explanation:
100% statement coverage means that every line of code is executed at least once during testing. Based on the provided pseudo-code and the test cases given:
Test 1 executes the MIN = B statement when A and B are equal.
Test 2 executes the MIN = A statement and skips the inner IF since B is not equal to 2*A.
All statements within the code have been executed by these two tests, hence no additional test cases are needed to achieve 100% statement coverage.
NEW QUESTION # 25
Below is the pseudo-code for the bingo program:
The bingo program contains a data flow anomaly. Which data flow anomaly can be found in this program?
- A. Variable "AB is defined but subsequently not used.
- B. Variable "MIN" is not assigned a value before using it.
- C. An invalid value is assigned to variable "B".
- D. The hard-coded value '2" should not be used.
Answer: B
Explanation:
In the provided pseudo-code for the Bingo program, the variable MIN is used in the statement MIN = MIN
+ A without being initialized with a value beforehand. This represents a classic 'use before define' anomaly, as the variable MIN must have an initial value before any operation like addition can be performed on it.
NEW QUESTION # 26
A product risk assessment has revealed the following product risks:
* lack of usability requirements
* security during on-line transactions
* perceived performance of the system and response time from the user interface
* a required availability of almost 100%
To address the 4th risk, which of the following quality characteristics for technical testing should be part of the test approach?
- A. Portability
- B. Reliability
- C. Compatibility
- D. Adaptability
Answer: B
Explanation:
To address the product risk of requiring an availability of almost 100%, the quality characteristic of reliability should be part of the test approach. Reliability testing focuses on the ability of the system to perform under expected conditions for a specified period of time. It is essential for systems that need to be operational continuously or near-continuously. This characteristic encompasses the system's uptime, fault tolerance, recoverability, and the ability to perform under anticipated conditions, all of which are relevant to maintaining high availability.
NEW QUESTION # 27
Subject to testing is a software system (COTS) for Project Administration and Control (PACS). PACS is a multi-project system for controlling the project time, e.g., in terms of scheduling and tracking, and managing the productivity of projects, e.g., in terms of effort and deliverables.
During various interviews with stakeholders the following information was gathered:
* Using PACS is not business critical. There is no impact such as high financial losses or problems to the operational continuity of an organization. Its application is not critical since the software package does not support directly the operational, or the primary, business processes of an organization. It supports (project) management in the project planning and tracking process. Of course, it will be highly annoying for users if the system "goes down" from time to time. Although this does not have a high impact for the business process as a whole, the Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) still needs to be at a good level to be successful in the market.
* Users of PACS typically have an academic educational level, but have no prior experience with this particular type of project management software. The system will be used by a large number of users within an organization.
* The system will be used on a regular basis, e.g., several times per day by project managers and several times per week by project employees. This means that the system will not be used very intensively, often only for some data input or an information request. Its usage is not considered to be very time-critical.
* The data is recorded on-line and real-time. The system is expected to run in multiple hardware environments in various network environments. It is also expected that changes in the operational environments will happen in the upcoming period that also need to be supported.
Based on the information provided by the stakeholder, which combination of non-functional quality characteristics should you propose to test as part of your test approach?
- A. Security and Reliability
- B. Reliability and Performance efficiency
- C. Performance efficiency and Portability
- D. Reliability and Portability
Answer: D
Explanation:
Given the stakeholder information provided:
Reliability is important because the system, while not business-critical, still needs a good MTBF to be successful in the market. This is directly mentioned in the stakeholder information.
Portability is essential as the system is expected to run in multiple hardware environments and various network environments, with changes anticipated in the operational environments.
Security is not highlighted as a concern, and performance efficiency, while generally important, is less critical as the system is not used intensively and is not time-critical. Therefore, reliability and portability are the most relevant non-functional quality characteristics to test in this scenario.
NEW QUESTION # 28
Consider the following specification:
If you are flying with an economy ticket, there is a possibility that you may get upgraded to business class, especially if you hold a gold card in the airline's frequent flier program. If you don't hold a gold card, there is a possibility that you will get 'bumped' off the flight if it is full when you check in late.
This is shown in the control flow graph below. Note that each box (i.e., statement, decision) has been numbered.
Three tests have been run:
Test 1: Gold card holder who gets upgraded to business class
Test 2: Non-gold card holder who stays in economy
Test 3: A person who is bumped from the flight
What is the level of decision coverage achieved by these three tests?
- A. 67%
- B. 75%
- C. 80%
- D. 60%
Answer: A
Explanation:
The control flow graph provided illustrates the decision points for an airline's upgrade and boarding process.
Decision coverage is a measure of the percentage of decision points executed during testing:
Test 1 covers the decision points: Gold card? (Yes) and Business full? (No).
Test 2 covers: Gold card? (No) and Economy full? (No).
Test 3 covers the decision that leads to being bumped from the flight, which is Economy full? (Yes) and Business full? (Yes).
From the given tests, the decision points for Gold card? (No) and Business full? (No) are not tested, leaving us with 4 out of 6 decision points covered, which is approximately 67% decision coverage.
NEW QUESTION # 29
Consider the code fragment provided below:
How many test cases are needed for the code fragment lines 26 - 37 to achieve 100% modified condition/decision coverage?
- A. 4 test cases
- B. 8 test cases
- C. 6 test cases
- D. 2 test cases
Answer: A
Explanation:
Modified condition/decision coverage (MC/DC) requires each condition in a decision to be shown to independently affect the decision's outcome. For the code fragment provided, we have three independent conditions that need to be evaluated both as true and false. The minimum number of test cases needed to satisfy MC/DC for three conditions is four, which would allow each condition to be shown to independently affect the outcome of the decision.
NEW QUESTION # 30
A new web site has been launched for a testing conference. There are a number of links to other related web sites for information purposes. Participants like the new site but complaints are being made that some (not all) of the links to other sites do not work.
Which type of test tool is most appropriate in helping to identify the causes of these failures?
- A. Dynamic analysis tool
- B. Review tool
- C. Hyperlink tool
- D. Static analysis tool
Answer: C
Explanation:
When users complain about issues with links on a website, the most appropriate test tool to identify the causes of these failures is a hyperlink tool (answer B). Hyperlink tools are specifically designed to check the validity of links on web pages. They can automatically identify broken or dead links, which is essential for maintaining the quality and user experience of a website. Review tools, static analysis tools, and dynamic analysis tools do not primarily focus on hyperlink verification.
NEW QUESTION # 31
You are working on an internet banking project. Your company is offering this product to the financial market. For each new customer, some customization will typically be needed. To make the product successful there is a strong focus during development on a reliable and maintainable architecture. To support architectural reviews, a checklist will be developed. Within the checklist specific sections will be attributed to reliability and maintainability.
Which question from the list below should you include in the maintainability section of the architectural review checklist?
- A. Does the system have user-friendly error messages?
- B. Will the system use n-version programming for critical components?
- C. Does the password protection of the system adhere to the latest regulations?
- D. Will the user interface be implemented independently from the other software modules?
Answer: D
Explanation:
In the context of an internet banking project where reliability and maintainability are emphasized, a key factor for maintainability is the modularity of the system. Implementing the user interface independently from other software modules (answer B) can significantly enhance maintainability. This is because it allows changes to be made to the user interface without impacting the underlying business logic or data access layers, making the system more adaptable to change. This kind of separation of concerns is a recognized best practice in software design for maintainability. The other options (A, C, and D) relate more to reliability and security aspects than to maintainability.
NEW QUESTION # 32
You are working on project where re-use of software is an objective. You are involved in the project as a Technical Test Analyst and have been given the task to develop a checklist for code reviews.
Which question from the list below should you implement as part of the code review checklist?
- A. Are all modules, data, and interfaces uniquely identified?
- B. Can each item be implemented with the techniques, tools, and resources available?
- C. Are all variables defined with meaningful, consistent and clear names?
- D. Is it possible during acceptance testing to verity whether the item has been satisfied?
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 33
A major Caribbean bank typically develops their own banking software using an Agile methodology.
However, for some specific components COTS software is acquired and used. The bank does not want to create a dependency on any external COTS supplier.
As part of the test approach, portability testing will be performed. Which portability sub-characteristic is especially relevant for the Caribbean bank?
- A. Co-existence
- B. Replaceability
- C. Adaptability
- D. In stall ability
Answer: B
Explanation:
Portability testing is concerned with how well software can be transferred from one environment to another.
In the context of a bank using COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) software, the sub-characteristic of replaceability becomes particularly relevant. This is because the bank does not want to create a dependency on any external COTS supplier, meaning it should be able to replace the software with another product without significant effort or operational disruption. Replaceability ensures that if needed, the bank can switch to different software, thereby mitigating the risk of supplier dependency.
NEW QUESTION # 34
Consider the pseudo code for the Price program:
Which of the following statements about the Price program describes a control flow anomaly to be found in the program?
- A. The Price program contains no control flow anomalies.
- B. The Price program contains unreachable code.
- C. The Price program contains data flow defects.
- D. The Price program contains an infinite loop.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The pseudo code provided for the Price program shows a potential for an infinite loop due to the way the
'Del_Charge' variable is being manipulated. The loop is set to continue 'WHILE Del_Charge > 0', and within the loop, 'Del_Charge' is initially set to 5 and then potentially decreased by 2 if 'Sale_Value > 60000'.
However, at the end of each loop iteration, 'Del_Charge' is increased by 1. This means that if 'Sale_Value' is not greater than 60000, 'Del_Charge' will not decrease and will instead increment indefinitely, causing an infinite loop. Even if 'Sale_Value' is greater than 60000, the decrement by 2 could be negated by the subsequent increments if the loop runs enough times, potentially leading to an infinite loop situation. There is no guaranteed exit condition once the loop is entered, which is a control flow anomaly.
NEW QUESTION # 35
Consider the code fragment provided below:
The comment frequency of the code fragment is 13%.
To which non-functional quality characteristic does a good level of comment frequency especially contribute?
- A. Portability
- B. Performance Efficiency
- C. Usability
- D. Maintainability
Answer: D
Explanation:
The comment frequency in a code fragment relates to the number of comments in relation to the code size. A good level of comment frequency can significantly contribute to the maintainability of the software.
Maintainability is a non-functional quality characteristic that refers to the ease with which a software system can be modified to correct defects, update features, improve performance or other attributes, or adapt to a changed environment. Comments in the code help developers understand the logic, purpose, and functionality of the code, which is crucial when modifications are required. This does not directly contribute to portability, usability, or performance efficiency, which are concerned with different aspects of the software's operation and user interaction.
NEW QUESTION # 36
There are multiple activities the Technical Test Analyst performs regarding test automation. Which of the following activities is a typical test automation activity that the Technical Test Analyst will perform?
- A. Decide regarding a test automation project based on a business case.
- B. Define the business process keywords and related actions.
- C. Train the Test Analyst and Business Analyst to use and supply data for the test scripts.
- D. Execute the test cases and analyze any failures that may occur.
Answer: D
Explanation:
A Technical Test Analyst is primarily involved in the technical aspects of test preparation and execution. One of their typical activities includes the execution of test cases, particularly those that are automated, and the subsequent analysis of any test failures to identify defects and issues. This activity is more technical than defining business processes or training other analysts, and while making decisions based on a business case may be part of their role, it is not an activity directly related to test automation.
NEW QUESTION # 37
Which of the following is a valid reason for including security testing in a test approach?
- A. To evaluate the ability of a system to handle peak loads at or beyond the limits of its anticipated or specified workloads
- B. To provide measurements from which an overall level of availability can be obtained.
- C. Software changes will be frequent after it enters production.
- D. There is a threat of unauthorized copying of applications or data.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Including security testing in a test approach is valid when there are concerns about unauthorized access or activities, such as the threat of unauthorized copying of applications or data (option A). This type of testing aims to uncover vulnerabilities that could be exploited to compromise the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the system. The other options listed-availability measurements (option B), system's peak load handling (option C), and frequent software changes (option D)-relate to different aspects of testing, such as reliability, performance, and maintainability, which are not directly associated with security testing.
NEW QUESTION # 38
Within the world of consumer electronics, the amount of embedded software is growing rapidly. The amount of software in high-end television sets has increased by a factor of about eight over the last six years. In addition, the market of consumer electronics has been faced with a 5 -10% price erosion per year. The price of a product is, among a number of other things, determined by the microcontroller used. Therefore, the use of ROM and RAM remains under high pressure in consumer electronic products, leading to severe restrictions on code size.
You are a Technical Test Analyst involved in the review of the architecture of this project.
Which of the following issues would be MOST important to focus on during the review and when verifying the correct implementation?
- A. Lazy instantiation
- B. Transaction concurrency
- C. Connection pooling
- D. Caching
Answer: A
Explanation:
The key context here is the challenge of managing limited resources, particularly ROM and RAM, due to severe restrictions on code size in consumer electronics. Lazy instantiation is a design pattern that defers the creation of an object until the first time it is needed. This approach can significantly reduce the application's memory footprint by avoiding unnecessary pre-allocation of memory, which is particularly valuable in systems where memory resources are constrained. In reviewing the architecture for such a system, it's crucial to ensure that objects are only created when necessary and that memory is optimally managed. Hence, the focus on lazy instantiation would be most important to ensure that the system uses resources efficiently and remains within the restricted code size.
NEW QUESTION # 39
Which of the following statements best captures the difference between data-driven and keyword-driven test automation?
- A. Data-driven test automation is more maintainable than keyword-driven test automation.
- B. Keyword-driven test automation is easier to develop than data-driven test automation.
- C. Data-driven test automation extends keyword-driven automation by defining data corresponding to business processes.
- D. Keyword-driven test automation extends data-driven automation by defining keywords corresponding to business processes.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Keyword-driven test automation is a framework where test cases are written using keywords that represent the actions or tests to be performed on the system. This is an extension of data-driven test automation, which focuses on separating test scripts from the test data, allowing the same test script to be run with various sets of data. Keyword-driven test automation further abstracts the process by allowing tests to be written in a more human-readable form that corresponds to business processes. This approach can improve maintainability and readability of test cases, making them easier to understand and modify. It's not necessarily the case that one is more maintainable or easier to develop than the other (Options C and D); rather, they serve different purposes in test automation strategy.
NEW QUESTION # 40
As a technical test analyst, you are involved in a risk analysis session using the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis technique. You are calculating risk priorities. Which of the following are the major factors in this exercise?
- A. Financial damage, frequency of use and external visibility
- B. Severity and priority
- C. Functionality, reliability, usability, maintainability, efficiency and portability
- D. Likelihood and impact
Answer: D
Explanation:
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a structured approach to identify and address potential failures in a system, product, process, or service. The major factors involved in calculating risk priorities in FMEA are typically the severity of the potential failure, its likelihood of occurrence, and the ability to detect it.
These factors are usually combined to form a Risk Priority Number (RPN) for each potential failure mode identified. However, the specific factors mentioned in the options like functionality, reliability, usability, maintainability, efficiency, and portability are quality characteristics that could be considered in an FMEA analysis but are not directly used for calculating risk priorities. Likewise, financial damage, frequency of use, and external visibility might influence the severity or impact of a failure, but they are not standard factors in calculating risk priorities in the context of FMEA. Therefore, the most relevant factors for calculating risk priorities in an FMEA context would typically be the likelihood of the failure occurring and its potential impact, which aligns with option C: Likelihood and impact.
It's important to note that while these explanations are based on general principles and practices related to fault seeding and FMEA, the specifics might vary slightly in different contexts or with different methodologies.
NEW QUESTION # 41
Which of the following defect types is NOT an example of a defect type typically found with API testing?
- A. Loss of transactions
- B. Data handling issues
- C. Timing problems
- D. High architectural structural complexity
Answer: D
Explanation:
In the context of API testing, the defect types generally found are related to the specific interactions with the API, such as issues with data formatting, handling, validation, and the sequencing or timing of API calls.
Architectural structural complexity is not typically a defect that would be identified at the API testing level.
API tests are concerned with the interface and immediate integration points, not the overarching system architecture, which would be more relevant to design or system-level testing.
NEW QUESTION # 42
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